Exceptions and Exit Codes
Handle errors with try/except, raise custom exceptions, and communicate success or failure through exit codes.
Logging for Humans and Machines
Replace print() with Python's logging module to produce useful, configurable output for both developers and automated systems.
Retries, Timeouts, and Cleanup
Make Python programs resilient with retries, timeouts, graceful shutdown, and proper resource cleanup.
Custom Exceptions
Create domain-specific exception classes that make error handling clearer, more specific, and easier to debug.
Structured Logging with Context
Add consistent context to log messages, correlate logs across operations, and make observability actionable.